Comparative Study of different mobile OS
With the use of mobile, mobile technology is also developing day by day. The mobile phone has made our life easier. We can perform different tasks of our daily life on mobile phones in a few seconds.
When choosing a phone, it's important to consider the operating system and the apps and features that it offers, as well as the device's hardware specifications and design. Each operating system has its own strengths and weaknesses, and certain apps and features may only be available on certain operating systems. Memory management, Process management, Hardware management, File management, Security management, Network management, User interface, Device driver management. These are some of the main functions of an operating system, but there may be additional functions depending on the specific OS and device.
Different types of operating systems are mentioned below:
Android operating system:
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google. Google released the first Android OS on September 23th, 2008 by the name of ‘Astro’. It is based on the Linux kernel and is designed for touch screen devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is the most widely used mobile operating system, with over 2.7 billion active devices worldwide as of 2021. Android offers a user-friendly interface and a wide range of apps and features through the Google Play Store. Samsung, HTC, Motorola and many other top manufacturers are using Android in their devices. Currently, Android is one of the top operating systems and is considered a serious threat for iPhones.
Apple iOS:
iOS is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. for its iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch devices. It is based on the Darwin operating system, which is an open-source version of the Unix operating system. iOS is exclusively used on Apple devices and is known for its user-friendly interface and sleek design. iOS is known for its strong security and privacy features, such as Touch ID and Face ID. This operating system has no security and it does not allow all third party programs on the device. However, this feature also reduces the risk of malicious software.
Bada Operating System:
Bada was a mobile operating system developed by Samsung Electronics. It was first introduced in 2010 and was used on a range of Samsung smartphones and feature phones. One of the key features of Bada was its open-source nature, which allowed developers to create and distribute their own apps for the platform. It also included a wide range of built-in apps and features such as a camera, calendar, and clock. However, Bada OS didn't gain much popularity and in 2013, Samsung announced that it would be discontinuing the development of Bada OS and instead focus on developing Tizen OS.
Blackberry Operating system:
BlackBerry OS is a mobile operating system developed by BlackBerry Limited (formerly Research In Motion, or RIM) for its BlackBerry line of smartphones and tablets in 1999. It was known for its strong security features, robust messaging capabilities. One of the key features of BlackBerry OS was its emphasis on security and privacy, with features such as data encryption and secure communications through the BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES). This made it a popular choice among businesses and governments for secure mobile communications. However, it faced stiff competition from other mobile operating systems and BlackBerry's market share decreased over time.
Windows OS:-
Most versions of Windows Mobile have a standard set of features, such as multitasking and the ability to navigate a file system similar to that of Windows 9x and Windows NT, including support for many of the same file types. Similarly to its desktop counterpart, it comes bundled with a set of applications that perform basic tasks. Internet Explorer Mobile is the default web browser, and Windows Media Player is the default media player used for playing digital media. The mobile version of Microsoft Office is the default office suite.[citation needed]
Internet Connection Sharing, supported on compatible devices, allows the phone to share its Internet connection with computers via USB and Bluetooth. Windows Mobile supports virtual private networking over PPTP protocol. Most devices with mobile connectivity also have a Radio Interface Layer. The Radio Interface Layer provides the system interface between the Cell Core layer within the Windows Mobile OS and the radio protocol stack used by the wireless modem hardware. This allows OEMs to integrate a variety of modems into their equipment.[citation needed]
The user interface changed dramatically between versions, only retaining similar functionality. The Today Screen, later called the Home Screen, shows the current date, owner information, upcoming appointments, e-mails, and tasks. The taskbar displays the current time as well as the volume level. Devices with a cellular radio also show the signal strength on said taskbar.[citation needed]
Symbian OS:-
Symbian is a discontinued mobile operating system (OS) and computing platform designed for smartphones.[6] It was originally developed as a proprietary software OS for personal digital assistants in 1998 by the Symbian Ltd.The Symbian OS platform is formed of two components: one being the microkernel-based operating system with its associated libraries, and the other being the user interface (as middleware), which provides the graphical shell atop the OS
User interface
Symbian has had a native graphics toolkit since its inception, known as AVKON (formerly known as Series 60). S60 was designed to be manipulated by a keyboard-like interface metaphor, such as the ~15-key augmented telephone keypad, or the mini-QWERTY keyboards. AVKON-based software is binary-compatible with Symbian versions up to and including Symbian^3.
Symbian^3 includes the Qt framework, which is now the recommended user interface toolkit for new applications. Qt can also be installed on older Symbian devices.
Symbian^4 was planned to introduce a new GUI library framework specifically designed for a touch-based interface, known as "UI Extensions for Mobile" or UIEMO (internal project name "Orbit"), which was built on top of Qt Widget; a preview was released in January 2010, however in October 2010 Nokia announced that Orbit/UIEMO had been canceled.
Nokia later recommended that developers use Qt Quick with QML, the new high-level declarative UI and scripting framework for creating visually rich touchscreen interfaces that allowed development for both Symbian and MeeGo; it would be delivered to existing Symbian^3 devices as a Qt update. When more applications gradually feature a user interface reworked in Qt, the legacy S60 framework (AVKON) would be deprecated and no longer included with new devices at some point, thus breaking binary compatibility with older S60 applications.[39][40]
Browser
Main articles: S60 browser and Opera Mobile
Symbian S60 5th edition on a Samsung Omnia HD
Symbian^3 and earlier have a built-in WebKit based browser. Symbian was the first mobile platform to make use of WebKit (in June 2005).[41] Some older Symbian models have Opera Mobile as their default browser.
Nokia released a new browser with the release of Symbian Anna with improved speed and an improved user interface.[42]
Multiple language support
Symbian had strong localization support enabling manufacturers and 3rd party application developers to localize Symbian based products to support global distribution. Nokia made languages available in the device, in language packs: a set of languages which cover those commonly spoken in the area where a device variant is to be sold. All language packs have in common English, or a locally relevant dialect of it. The last release, Symbian Belle, supports these 48 languages, with [dialects], and (scripts):
Symbian Belle marks the introduction of Kazakh, while Korean is no longer supported.Japanese is only available on Symbian^2 devices as they are made in Japan, and on other Symbian devices Japanese is still supported with limitations.
Application development
From 2010, Symbian switched to using standard C++ with Qt as the main SDK, which can be used with either Qt Creator or Carbide.c++. Qt supports the older Symbian/S60 3rd (starting with Feature Pack 1, a.k.a. S60 3.1) and Symbian/S60 5th Edition (a.k.a. S60 5.01b) releases, as well as the new Symbian platform. It also supports Maemo and MeeGo, Windows, Linux and Mac OS X.[43][44]
Alternative application development can be done using Python (see Python for S60), Adobe Flash Lite or Java ME.
Symbian OS previously used a Symbian specific C++ version, along with CodeWarrior and later Carbide.c++ integrated development environment (IDE), as the native application development environment.
Web Run time (WRT) is a portable application framework that allows creating widgets on the S60 Platform; it is an extension to the S60 WebKit based browser that allows launching multiple browser instances as separate JavaScript applications.[45][46]
As of 2010, the SDK for Symbian is standard C++, using Qt. It can be used with either Qt Creator, or Carbide (the older IDE previously used for Symbian development).[43][47] A phone simulator allows testing of Qt apps. Apps compiled for the simulator are compiled to native code for the development platform, rather than having to be emulated.[48] Application development can either use C++ or QML.
Symbian C++
As Symbian OS is written in C++ using Symbian Software's coding standards, it is possible to develop using Symbian C++, although it is not a standard implementation. Before the release of the Qt SDK, this was the standard development environment. There were multiple platforms based on Symbian OS that provided software development kits (SDKs) for application developers wishing to target Symbian OS devices, the main ones being UIQ and S60. Individual phone products, or families, often had SDKs or SDK extensions downloadable from the maker's website too. Symbian C++ programming is commonly done with an integrated development environment (IDE).
Other languages
Symbian v9.1 with a S60v3 interface, on a Nokia E61
Symbian devices can also be programmed using Python, Java ME, Flash Lite, Ruby, .NET, Web Runtime (WRT) Widgets and Standard C/C++.[49]
Visual Basic programmers can use NS Basic to develop apps for S60 3rd Edition and UIQ 3 devices.
There is also a version of a Borland IDE for Symbian OS. Symbian development is also possible on Linux and macOS using tools and methods developed by the community, partly enabled by Symbian releasing the source code for key tools. A plug-in that allows development of Symbian OS applications in Apple's Xcode IDE for Mac OS X was available.[50]
Architecture
Technology domains and packages
Symbian's design is subdivided into technology domains,[53] each of which comprises a set of software packages.[54] Each technology domain has its own roadmap, and the Symbian Foundation has a team of technology managers who manage these technology domain roadmaps. Every package is allocated to exactly one technology domain, based on the general functional area to which the package contributes and by which it may be influenced. By grouping related packages by themes, the Symbian Foundation hopes to encourage a strong community to form around them and to generate discussion and review. The Symbian System Model[55] illustrates the scope of each of the technology domains across the platform packages. Packages are owned and maintained by a package owner, a named individual from an organization member of the Symbian Foundation, who accepts code contributions from the wider Symbian community and is responsible for package.
Symbian kernel
The Symbian kernel (EKA2) supports sufficiently fast real-time response to build a single-core phone around it – that is, a phone in which a single processor core executes both the user applications and the signalling stack.[56] The real-time kernel has a microkernel architecture containing only the minimum, most basic primitives and functionality, for maximum robustness, availability and responsiveness. It has been termed a nanokernel, because it needs an extended kernel to implement any other abstractions. It contains a scheduler, memory management and device drivers, with networking, telephony, and file system support services in the OS Services Layer or the Base Services Layer. The inclusion of device drivers means the kernel is not a true microkernel.
Design
Symbian features pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection, like other operating systems (especially those created for use on desktop computers). EPOC's approach to multitasking was inspired by VMS and is based on asynchronous server-based events.
Symbian OS was created with three systems design principles in mind:
the integrity and security of user data is paramount
user time must not be wasted
all resources are scarce
To best follow these principles, Symbian uses a microkernel, has a request-and-callback approach to services, and maintains separation between user interface and engine. The OS is optimised for low-power battery-based devices and for read-only memory (ROM)-based systems (e.g. features like XIP and re-entrancy in shared libraries). The OS, and application software, follows an object-oriented programming design named model–view–controller (MVC).
Later OS iterations diluted this approach in response to market demands, notably with the introduction of a real-time kernel and a platform security model in versions 8 and 9.
There is a strong emphasis on conserving resources which is exemplified by Symbian-specific programming idioms like descriptors and a cleanup stack. Similar methods exist to conserve storage space. Further, all Symbian programming is event-based, and the central processing unit (CPU) is switched into a low power mode when applications are not directly dealing with an event. This is done via a programming idiom called active objects. Similarly the Symbian approach to threads and processes is driven by reducing overheads.
Operating system
The All over Model contains the following layers, from top to bottom:
UI Framework Layer
Application Services Layer
Java ME
OS Services Layer
generic OS services
communications services
multimedia and graphics services
connectivity services
Base Services Layer
Kernel Services & Hardware Interface Layer
Palm OS:-
With a touchscreen-based graphical user interface, Palm OS is easy to use. It comes with a minimal set of applications for managing personal information. The OS has been expanded in later versions to accommodate smartphones. The key features of the current Palm OS Garnet are:
Simple, single-tasking environment to allow launching of full screen applications with a basic, common GUI set
Monochrome or color screens with resolutions up to 480x320 pixel
Handwriting recognition input system called Graffiti 2
HotSync technology for data synchronization with desktop computers
Sound playback and record capabilities
Simple security model: Device can be locked by password, arbitrary application records can be made private
TCP/IP network access
Serial port/USB, infrared, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connections
Expansion memory card support
Web Os:-
Web os runnonh on LG tv
A Linux kernel-based multitasking operating system for smart devices like smart TVs that has also been utilized as a mobile operating system is called webOS, also known as LG webOS and formerly known as Open webOS, HP webOS, and Palm webOS. Originally created by Palm, Inc. (which Hewlett-Packard acquired), the platform was released open source by HP, giving it the name Open webOS.Since its debut in 2009, webOS has appeared on a number of devices, including the Pre, Pixi, and Veer smartphones, the TouchPad tablet, LG's smart TVs starting in 2014, and LG's smart refrigerators and projectors starting in 2017.
HP/Palm webOS
Screenshot of Palm webOS Launcher (2010)
Multitasking interface
Synergy:- Palm referred to integration of information from many sources as "Synergy."
Over-the-air updates:- The OS can be updated without docking to a PC, instead receiving OS updates over the carrier connection.
Notification:- The notification area is located on the bottom portion of the screen on phones, and on the top status bar area on tablets.
LG webOS
Smart TV features
LG has redesigned the UI of webOS, maintaining the card UI as a feature called "Simple switching" between open TV apps. The other two features promoted by the company are a simple connection (using an animated Clippy-like character called Beanbird to aid the user through setup), and simple discovery.
LG Watch Urbane LTE running LG webOS
Comparison table:
As you can see, the top four mobile OSes are largely the same when it comes to numeric PIN or alphanumeric passcode support. Organizations that require smart card authentication have fewer choices.
Finally, mobile operating system malware resistance depends on many factors, including public app store provenance, users’ ability to install apps sideloaded from less trustworthy sites, and permissions granted to installed apps. Although it is difficult to roll all of these security capabilities into a single “grade” for simple comparison of mobile operating system security, BlackBerry phones are widely regarded as the most secure devices, followed by Apple iPhones and iPads. Android device security is improving but still depends heavily on device make and model.
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